Misogyny is a system of hostile forces that polices and enforces patriarchal order.
Sexism: “the branch of patriarchal ideology that justifies and rationalises a patriarchal social order” Belief in men’s superiority and dominance.
Misogyny: “the system that polices and enforces [patriarchy’s] governing norms and expectations” Anxiety and desire to maintain patriarchal order, and commitment to restoring it when disrupted.
A reduction in sexism in a culture might lead to an increase in misogyny, as “women’s capabilities become more salient and hence demoralizing or threatening”
Women are expected to fulfil asymmetrical moral support roles
Women are supposed to provide these to men:
attention
affection
admiration
sympathy
sex
children
(social, domestic, reproductive and emotional labour
mixed goods, like safe haven, nurture, security, soothing and comfort
Goods that are seen as men’s prerogative:
power
prestige
public recognition
rank reputation
honor
‘face’
respect
money and other forms of wealth
hierarchical status
upward mobility
the status conferred by having a high-ranking woman’s loyalty, love, devotion etc
If women try to take masculine-coded goods, they can be treated with suspicion and hostility.
There are lots of “social scripts, moral permissions, and material deprivations that work to extract feminine-coded goods from here” – such as:
anti-choice movement
cat-calling
rape culture
There are lots of mechanisms to stop women from taking masculine-coded statuses – such as:
testimonial injustice
mansplaining
victim-blaming
An example of this asymmetric moral economy:
“Imagine a person in a restaurant who expects not only to be treated deferentially – the customer always being right – but also to be served the food he ordered attentively, and with a smile. He expects to be made to feel cared for and special, as well as to have his meal brought to him (a somewhat vulnerable position, as well as a powerful one, for him to be in). Imagine now that this customer comes to be disappointed – his server is not serving him, though she is waiting on other tables. Or perhaps she appears to be lounging around lazily or just doing her own thing, inexplicably ignoring him. Worse, she might appear to be expecting service from him, in a baffling role reversal. Either way, she is not behaving in the manner to which he is accustomed in such settings. It is easy to imagine this person becoming confused, then resentful. It is easy to imagine him banging his spoon on the table. It is easy to imagine him exploding in frustration.”
Praise, as well as hostility, enforces patriarchy
“We should also be concerned with the rewarding and valorizing of women who conform to gendered norms and expectations, in being (e.g.) loving mothers, attentive wives, loyal secretaries, ‘cool’ girlfriends, or good waitresses.”
Misogyny is not psychological
Misogyny isn’t a psychological phenomenon. It’s a “systematic facet of social power relations and a predictable manifestation of the ideology that governs them: patriarchy.”
Misogyny is banal. (“to adapt a famous phrase of Hannah Arendt’s)
This understanding of misogyny is intersectional
Misogyny is mediated through other systems of privilege and vulnerability. Manne does not assume some universal experience of misogyny.
Shout out to “The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House” critiquing middle class heterosexual white women over-generalising on the basis of their experience.
A quick note on privilege
Privileged people “tend to be subject to fewer social, moral, and legal constraints on their actions than their less privileged counterparts”
The Government Digital Service recently launched a new version of the Service Standard. What’s changed?
It’s now called the Service Standard, not the Digital Service Standard. This reflects the desire to create end-to-end services. This is better than creating digital services, and then (if you’re lucky) considering assisted digital as an afterthought. People are encouraged to provide a joined up experience across channels. What’s the user experience like if a user phones or emails you?
Removed the requirement to tell everyone to use the digital service. Because digital isn’t always the right channel. And there’s already a financial imperative encouraging service owners to encourage people to shift to digital. So we didn’t need to push that any more. Instead, we need to encourage people to think more broadly about the service, not just the digital part.
Focus on solving a whole problem for users, not just a part of it. The Standard encourages people to ask if the service is part of a wider journey. e.g. business tax registration is probably part of a broader journey of starting a business. So you should join up with those services too.
The team have added more information on why the Service Standard expects certain things, and the benefits of following the Standard. So it’s less doctrinaire and encourages people to do the right thing.
People are challenged to go beyond just thinking about accessibility, and to think about inclusion more generally: e.g. trans people and same sex relationships.
The type of approach to meeting user needs is challenged. Is the service the right way to deliver user needs? Or should you publish content or make data available via an API instead?
The scope of the service is questioned. If it’s too broad or too narrow it’s a problem.
Removed the requirement to test with the minister.
Being a product manager helps you live a good life:
You become confident in dealing with different domains of knowledge and different types of truth, and arbitrating between them.
You can imagine and weigh up possible futures, and sell and fight for the one that seems best.
You make decisions with imperfect information.
You lead from the intersection between optimism and pessimism. Seeing how things could be different and better, and helping others believe, but rooting your thinking in understanding of complexity, risk and assumptions.
You call out the risky assumptions underlying wishful thinking.
You take a rapid failure approach to your love life (perhaps not always intentionally 🤔)
Notes from a panel discussion I attended at an event on accessible transport, hosted by TfL. I attended because I wanted to learn about TfL’s strategic approach to innovation and accessibility.
Individual introductions
Mike Brown, Commissioner, TfL
The high-level vision for accessibility on London’s transport: Everyone needs to be able to travel across the capital easily, safely and spontaneously.
Alan Benson, Chair, Transport for All
Transport for All is a charity that works with TfL as a critical friend. Recent accessibility improvements include:
new trains, which made many more stations level access
‘please offer me a seat’ badge. (The badge is a little controversial, but Alan’s happy with it as long as it’s optional and people don’t feel labelled.)
disability training programme for TfL managers. Disabled people are teaching people who commission and run the services so that they can better understand the impact of the choices they make. No one else in the British transport sector is doing this. Alan thinks this is the most important improvement.
Gareth Powell, MD, Surface Transport, TfL
Transport exists to get people to a place they want to go. But 84% of disabled Londoners say that transport is negatively affecting their ability to get around and live their lives.
We haven’t designed with everyone in mind. Designing for step-free access is one thing, but what about designing for people with autism? Hence the training of managers, and more involvement of people with disabilities in the design process.
Panel session
Chair: Joanna Wotton, Chair, TfL Independent Disability Advisory Group
Panellists:
Alan Benson, Chair, Transport for All.
Michael Hurwitz, Director of Transport Innovation, TfL. (Says that his job “mostly involves worrying and internal procurement processes.”)
Nick Tyler, Director of University College London’s Centre for Transport Studies.
Ed Warner, Founder and CEO Motionspot Ltd
What are the biggest challenges facing accessible transport in London, and how might innovation help?
Michael: TfL is more used to working with massive companies than small companies. He’s keen to pave out the route to market for these promising minimum viable products. The commercial and contractual discussion about innovation isn’t trendy, but is super-important.
Nick: We need a better ability to test out new ideas. (His research group’s shiny new lab should help with this.) He wants TfL to be braver in encouraging innovation. Hong Kong and Singapore are more innovative than this country.
Michael: Singapore introduced universal design principles – trying to institutionalise the right types of design considerations. But Hong Kong and Singapore are more top-down, whereas London is much more bottom-up. e.g. there are 34 highways authorities in London. TfL does have the benefit of London’s size – the city is big, so you can test things out in small parts of it.
Alan: Try new things faster. Health and Safety concerns often lead us to hold back from testing things until they’re 100% ready. We could follow the lead of other industries that will launch things that are 80% ready.
Ed: Interesting innovations include the use of colour in wayfinding. e.g. Barajas airport in Spain. Japanese train stations play 7 seconds of melody before announcing a train’s departure platform and it cut accidents by 25%. The music settles everyone down a little bit.
Nick: We should work to make transport more enjoyable. This will make it more accessible. So look at cafes or playgrounds, and see how you might make things better on transport. This changes your way of thinking from “we need to make this system work to the timetable” to focus more on enjoyment (and, implicitly, value to humans).
Michael: Innovation isn’t always about technology. A lot of the most powerful innovations are in behaviour change. e.g. Dementia Friends at TfL. Or more assertive messaging to encourage people in Priority Seats to look up for someone who might need their seat. (They’re trialling this shortly.)
Nick: To get parents to change their behaviour, teach their kids. Parents listen to their children much more than they listen to the government.
How might we have better interfaces between public transport and the rest of the world?
Cities are people and we build the infrastructure around them. If we concentrate on building for people, then everything will get better.
Notes on a lecture by Eric Beinhocker on ‘The economy as a complex and evolving system’
The income of the bottom 90% of earners in the US has stagnated from 1973 onwards.
Pre-1973 growth was more inclusive – the bottom 90%’s income grew faster than the average. Now the reverse is true, with the top 1 and 0.1% growing much faster.
Productivity gains stopped following to workers and started flowing to owners of capital.
A shift from constructive to extractive capitalism.
This has weakened the post-war social contract.
Beinhocker sees this as caused by the rise of neoclassical economics and neoliberal ideology and the associated structural changes driven by this dominant way of thinking about the economy and society.
The breakdown of Western capitalism
The rise of neoclassical economics and neoliberal ideology led to these structural changes:
Globalisation of finance
Shareholder value revolution (focus on stakeholders as the only legitimate interest in a company)
Neoliberal public policy agenda
Shift from virtue ethics to selfish utility maximisation
This shifted power in the economy, increased power of capital versus labour, and shifted rents to the top of the system. These rents were used to capture the political system.
Rethinking economics
To change the system, we need to revisit the ideas and assumptions behind it.
Neoclassical economics assumes:
Micro – individual behaviour
People are rational utility maximisers
People are self-interested and atomistic
Meso – social structures
Markets are efficient in allocation
Markets are self-correcting
Firms are optimally run
State ‘interference’ causes welfare loss
Macro – system level behaviour
Macro is a linear adding up of macro
Natural state is full-employment equilibrium
But the underlying assumptions don’t match with reality:
Neoclassical Theory Assumptions
Real World Empirical Data
Individuals maximise utility, preferences are consistent
Utility functions are not stable; play no role in decision making
Individuals behave ‘rationally’ and deductively
Individuals behave heuristically and indictively
Individuals have perfect information
Individuals have highly limited and asymmetric information
Individuals are self-regarding and asocial
Individuals are other-regarding and highly-social
Markets are complete
Markets are incomplete
Micro adds linearly to macro
Macro emerges from non-linear micro interactions
Markets always find equilibrium
Markets can be out of equilibrium for significant periods of time
Hence the following incorrect policy memes:
Markets are always self-correcting
Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon
You can either have growth or equality
Trade is always welfare-increasing
Raising wages reduces the demand for labour (e.g. minimum wage)
The goal of business is maximising shareholder value
Tackling climate change will cost growth and jobs
… and the incorrect belief that equilibrium systems cannot:
endogenously grow
create novelty
generate spontaneous order
spontaneously crash
New thinking: the economy is a complex adaptive system
Complex: Many interacting agents and organisations of agents
Adaptive: Designs and strategies evolve over time
System: macro patterns emerge non-linearly from micro-behaviour
So in this way of thinking the economy is:
An unfolding process
Dynamic
Non-linear
Distributed
Heterogeneous
Networked
computational
Autopoetic (self-creating)
Self-organising
Evolutionary
Reflexive
A social phenomena
A cultural phenomena
A physical phenomena
Reimagining capitalism
Capitalism isn’t great at efficient allocation, but it’s good at getting people to cooperate at innovate and solve problems. Beinhocker is happy with capitalism in general, just not the current implementation.
Prosperity isn’t money – it’s the accumulation of, and access, to solutions to human problems.
So we can redefine capitalism:
The purpose of capitalism is to provide solutions to human problems.
Wealth is the accumulation of solutions to human problems
Growth is the rate at which new solutions are created and made available
Prosperity is the set of solutions plus access
Goal of business and investment is to create new, better solutions and make them more widely available
Markets and governments together create an interdependent evolutionary ecosystem for solution creation and access.
Traditionally we’ve assumed that price is the measure of value. But that doesn’t help us measure between good and bad economic activity. (e.g. cigarettes or polluting activities. Or creating a fancy derivative product that ultimately makes the economy more unstable.)
The redefinition of capitalism above helps us distinguish between good and bad economic activities. Ask these questions:
Is my solution creating a problem for someone else?
Is my solution creating problems for society (e.g. derivatives)
Is my solution today creating problems for the future?
Am I solving a real human problem or just rent seeking? (e.g. high-frequency trading isn’t)
Human cooperation is fundamental to problem solving.
To demonstrate this, Thomas Thwaites tried to build a toaster from scratch.
Because cooperation is crucial, and because capitalism exists to solve human problems, then inclusion and a fair social contract are fundamental to capitalist prosperity.
Fixing capitalism
We need to shift our thinking
From
To
Left vs right
How best to foster inclusion, fairness and trust
Market vs state
Effectiveness of market and state ecosystem
GDP
Solutions to human problems
Market efficiency in allocation
Market effectiveness in innovation
Purpose of firms is to maximise shareholder value
Purpose of firms is to make products and services that solve human problems
Labour is a cost to be minimised
Employment is a key means of inclusion
Markets are amoral
Moral fairness underpins capitalism
Economy is separate from society and environment
Economy is embedded in larger complex system of society and environment
So we need a broad set of reforms to support:
Inclusion:
Economic
Social
Political
A fair, reciprocal social contracts
Effectiveness in problem-solving innovation
Demand for, and access to, new solutions
Problem-solving vs problem creating (e.g. the environment)
I presented at the British Library’s event “Open and Engaged” as part of Open Access week on 22 October 2018, on the value of opening up government data. Here are the slides, which I’ve adapted into the following post, with a post-script of additions generously suggested by the ever-excellent Steve Messer.
Why has government opened up data?
Probably the first motivation for opening up government data was to increase transparency and trust. The MP expenses scandal led to a political drive to make government and politics more transparent.
Data.gov.uk was commissioned by Gordon Brown and overseen by Tim Berners-Lee, and built in in 2009/10.
In 2010 Prime Minister David Cameron wrote to government departments on plans to open up government data, promising “Greater transparency across government”. He wrote of a desire to “enable the public to hold politicians and public bodies to account”, “deliver better value for money in public spending” and “realise significant economic benefits”.
What transparency data is published?
Theresa May published a letter in December 2017 clarifying what data departments and the Cabinet Office were expected to publish. This includes things like the pay of senior civil servants, and central government spending over £25,000. (Monitoring and enforcing this is an interesting challenge. Subsequent to this talk, I’ve been having some thoughts and conversations about how we might do this better.)
Transparency data around the world
In the USA you can track spend data back to policy commitments:
It will have taken a lot of political work to have consistent identifiers between different parts of government, so that this type of scrutiny is possible. Not glamorous, but very valuable – a trend you’ll see more of in data work.
My favourite example of transparency work in other countries is DoZorro.org:
Ukraine’s recent reform work is highlighted by its more open online public procurement system. An ecosystem of tools and an engaged community has emerged around this data. Citizen monitoring platform www.DoZorro.org has been used to bring 22 criminal charges and 79 sanctions so far.
This open procurement data has also led to the creation of a tool for identifying corruption risks http://risk.dozorro.org/:
This takes us to the second big benefit of opening up government data.
Economic value of opening up government data
Open data improves data sharing within government. Previously, having to send a Freedom of Information request to someone else in your own department to access information was a thing that actually happened.
Over 400 apps have been created using data from data.gov.uk.
Looking at the datasets on data.gov.uk that are used more, they generally have a clear economic use. These include datsets with information on land and property payments, or information on MOT testing stations. Other popular datasets are more related to understanding society, and are likely used by councils, third sector organisations and other agencies interested in planning service provision – e.g. English Indices of Deprivation 2010 and Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet, England.
Measuring value is hard
I don’t think the above section was compelling enough. This is because measuring the value of open data is hard. There are a number of different techniques you can use to measure value. None of them are great – either you have something cheap and broad, which doesn’t give deep insight, or you have to commission a deep and expensive study.
Johanna Walker, University of Southampton, is a great source on this type of thing. She presented on ‘Measuring the Impact of Open Data’, Paris, 14 September 2018. (Aside: Johanna Walker suggested semantically-augmented version control as a way of ensuring quality, consistency and giving a better idea of how a dataset is being used.)
The UK’s early work on opening up government data has helped set the direction internationally.
International rankings are a relative thing, and the rest of the world has been catching up. The UK has been first in the Open Data Barometer for 5 years in a row. Now we’re joint first with Canada
Some other countries are doing really good things with procurement data. This work is hard – it took Brazil 5 years to get consistent identifiers so that you can link policy to budget to spend.
Challenges highlighted by user research
International rankings are lovely, but what do we know about the use of open government data and the challenges associated with this?
Government data is hard to find and use. Working with government data is hard – even for users who know government:
Metadata is inconsistent and incomplete.
Titles are sometimes obscure.
Some datasets are published more than once.
Data users can only understand how useful the data is once they’ve downloaded it and not all data users have the capability to download and view certain types of data.
Competing catalogues, standards, technologies and propositions.
We don’t have consistent, reliable data:
Basic data skills and literacy aren’t strong enough to consistently produce data that is findable, usable, comparable and reliable.
This means that many of the solutions designed to make data easier to find are only theoretically possible.
It means that many services that need consistent, reliable data are also only theoretical
Where there is a relationship between the data publisher/producer and the data user, the quality of the data and metadata is better
Publishing is not enough
Publishing open data is a crucial start. But it isn’t enough.
We need to optimise for use and value.
“It is not enough to have open data; quality, reliability and accessibility are also required.”
Theresa May, December 2017
“Availability is only one aspect of openness, and the government also has a role to play in increasing the value of data, through structuring and linking datasets.
Treasury Discussion Paper – The Economic Value of Data, 2018
“If no-one can find and understand data it is not open.”
Some ideas by Elena Simperl and Johanna Walker (Analytical Report 8: The Future of Open Data Portals, 2017) on how we might get more value from open data portals. These actually apply more broadly. Some highlights to pick out:
Linking and interoperability, including consistent schemas. So that you can get network effects from combining datasets.
Colocation of documentation and tools to reduce barriers to entry.
Organisation for and promotion of use – thinking about how to get value out of the data rather than seeing the job as finished when the data has been published. So reflecting back the use that has been made of data to teach and inspire others, some level of fostering of a community around the data.
There’s lots of excitement around the potential of geospatial data. In the UK there’s a newly-created Geospatial Commission looking into how to open up this data. One of its key early tasks is opening up some of the Ordnance Survey’s Master Map data. This looks likely to be on a tiered basis, so free up to a point but paid beyond that.
Some highlights of what this Master Map gives include: Building Height data, Water Network Layer.
Even here we have the question of linked identifiers. The Geo6 are looking at this. This is the kind of graft we need to get the most value from our data.
In summary
Transparency and economic value are the key drivers behind government publishing open data.
But publishing data is not enough – we need to work hard to understand user needs and maximise use and the value derived from data.
Bonus: Extra insights from Steve Messer
TfL
They opened up their data en masse and waited for people to use it before improving it. Here’s the original download page and a post by Chris Applegate on why the first release could be improved. It has since been improved thus proving your point about ‘optimise for use and value’. Optimise after you’ve opened it up. The MVP for opening up data is creating a good standard and putting it out there.
Economic value
I’ve tried to find some £figures to help you back this point up, as below:
Tom Loosemore was interviewed by the Parliamentary Science and Technology Committee on 27 November 2018. Tom was Deputy Director at the Government Digital Service 2011-15. He has a good reputation and I wanted to hear what he had to say. I found him an articulate, expert and passionate advocate of doing digital properly. I pulled out a few notes that struck me.
“It’s as much about a way of working… the notion of working in small teams, working in multi-disciplinary teams, bringing the technology and design skills back into government to be able to deliver in the same way that Google, Amazon, AirBnB and the best startups deliver.”
“Multi-disciplinary, iterative, incremental, constant improvement, feedback loops, embracing open source as a way forward, communicating openly.”
“Ownership by civil servants of the iterative multi-disicplinary design of services, embracing policy, operations and technology”, focusing on user needs not government convenience.
“We are still in the foothills as a government of adopting internet-era styles of delivery. The humility to start by accepting that you don’t understand what citizens actually need and want and that you iterate your way humbly towards getting the policy outcome you want, rather than pretending you know what the answer is upfront. That is a fundamental change.”
Spending and spend controls
Now that GDS doesn’t have spend control, the GDS service assesment process is like having some “birdwatchers” turn up. (Implicitly toothless and irrelevant.)
“There’s a bit of carrot in the Service Standard. There’s no stick. And you need a big stick”
Treasury doesn’t really understand spending: “You’ve got a Treasury that likes to spend capex on big projects. It’s easy. This world isn’t about capex it’s about teams. Investing in teams who continually improve and develop.”
What would Tom do if he had the power?
Change the way that Treasury controls spend. Move from a capex to opex model. “Fund teams to deliver outcomes that minsters want, rather than big capex spend like we’re building a motorway. We’re not building a motorway, we’re building services.”
Champion non-stop the work of mid-level teams across government doing great things.
Reinstitute IT spend control
We need horizontal government. Ministers for things like payment or personal data. Platform-based, like internet-era companies, with individual services built on top of that.
Do we just need to get better at writing specifications?
“If you think you can write the answer in a specification and get the right answer, that’s the problem. It’s about my capex to opex point. I still think far too many bits of government think they can design the service upfront in a contract. And then your big suppliers are more than happy to deliver it to you. And when it doesn’t work they’ll charge you change control fees through the nose. That was the business model – you charge for change. You pretended for certainty upfront. I think there are still to many bits of government that would like to think that we can write a specification and get the answer we want, rather than take the harder path which is to start small, iterate, based on reality, with a team and accept the fact that we don’t know the answer upfront, we’re going to iterate our way towards it.”
There will always be people who won’t or can’t use digital services:
Access
Confidence
Skill level
Language
Literacy
When government started creating new online transactions, digital services were created, with offline ‘Assisted Digital’ support, so that in theory no-one was left behind and unable to access services.
Why did I want to learn about Assisted Digital?
Assisted Digital is something that Product Managers are supposed to know about. The DDaT capability framework says that a good Product Manager “Understands the importance of assisted digital” and that a good Senior Product Manager is “Able to identify and implement solutions for assisted digital.” I didn’t know much about it and wanted to learn.
Assisted Digital is the 2nd most searched for content in the service manual. Not having a good Assisted Digital approach is a common reason for services to fail service assessment. Most importantly, it’s my responsibility to make sure that this is taken seriously. This fits with our design principles: “This is for everyone” and “Build digital services, not websites”. I’m not currently working on a service, but it’s likely that I will be at some point in the future so I want to be ready.
So I did some reading and spoke to some knowledgeable and smart people, including Roxanne Asadi and Ben Carpenter at GDS, who’ve both spent a lot of time working on and thinking about Assisted Digital.
How well is government doing with Assisted Digital?
In general we’re not doing a great job. Recent Inclusive Services research showed that Assisted Digital channels “are the most likely to be needed by the most vulnerable users, but are the least likely to be switched on or user-centred”.
The narrow language of “digital by default” and “digital transformation” often led to a narrow view of service design that saw Assisted Digital as of lesser importance.
Tom Loosemore, co-founder of the Government Digital Service, reflected on Assisted Digital recently:
Allowing the notion of – the phrase, even – "assisted digital" to exist was my worst strategic errors.
“I could have avoided the need for using the phrase “assisted digital” by making it clear that we should be using Internet-era service design to reach all users, regardless of channel.”
“by separating out “assisted digital” as a different thing, and by handing responsibility for it over to a separate team, we as leaders of GDS created an artificial divide in both our language and our actions.”
“Rather than challenge the “one size fits all” approach to service design, the words “assisted digital” suggested that one size for all was just fine, and that people with additional needs could or should be “assisted” to navigate a single path, common to all.”
And Assisted Digital options are needed by lots of people. For Personal Independence Payments, 50% of users were using Assisted Digital.
How might we be better at Assisted Digital?
Refer to ‘Service Design’ rather than ‘Assisted Digital’. This makes it clear that this is integral to a holistic service, and not a bolt-on. Focus around the user’s needs and end-to-end problem, rather than the mechanics of the service that you’re offering. This seems like the single highest impact strategic move you can make.
Include Operations people in designing services – not just Digital people. Otherwise we prejudice ourselves towards digital only, and don’t think about the other channels and implicitly reprioritise them. In government departments, often the Operational people and the Digital people were/are separate teams and directorates. So it wasn’t/isn’t easy to get them to cooperate.
Include non-government interactions in your service design
Create and share design patterns for Assisted Digital. It should be as easy to reuse designs for a non-digital interaction as it should be to copy a front-end component like a button on a website.
Make sure you understand the needs of all your users deeply, including people who don’t have skills and access to digital. If you take this as your foundation you’ll likely do a good job.
Iterate and test your Assisted Digital offering just as much as you do your website.
Some changes that leaders can make:
Think more broadly about the goals behind our service design, and the metrics we use to measure the success of services. If we just judge services on how many people they’ve moved online, how much they’ve reduced the headcount in a call centre, and reduced costs, then we aren’t giving teams licence to take Assisted Digital seriously.
Don’t just build teams of digital specialists to build a digital service. You need operational people as well.
Accept that Assisted Digital has a cost. Plan to invest some of the money you save from channel shift to digital in Assisted Digital.
Examples of services with good Assisted Digital
Rural Payments. Offered drop-in sessions and home visits. These were cost-effective as they were for a small number of people.
Student Loan applications. They found out that about 5% of users needed support. They mapped out how the call centre would take calls and help people, and tested it. They triaged calls and offered a visiting service. The volume was very small so they could pay for this – they just had to retrain people at their existing contact centre.
A few months ago Imeh Akpan ran a session for GOV.UK Product Managers going over the Jobs to Be Done Framework. She’s been looking into how we might use it to think about our users better.
Jobs to Be Done is about understanding the underlying problem.
What’s the differnece between a Job and a Problem that a user has? It adds context: so it includes the fact that someone is driving to work, rather than just being hungry.
This kind of contextual understanding helps you improve your product to better solve some known jobs.
So in the case of selling milkshake to people visiting a fast food restaurant, optimising the product in its own right – making it chunkier or improving the flavour – was missing the point. When the business started solving for the underlying problem – the real ‘job’ the milkshake was being ‘hired’ to carry out – then sales went up.
Jobs to be Done is about user motivations and situations, rather than attributes and characteristics. This is good because those things change, and may not be important. ‘Specialist’ users of GOV.UK are often not very different to ‘Mainstream’ users. I found the same thing at NDCS – the imagined differences between “Professional” and “Parent” users didn’t really hold up to scrutiny.
A Job to be Done is the real world goal that the user hopes to accomplish. It’s not a task – those are the steps that someone takes to accomplish the goal, because they seem like the best way of doing so.
A ‘Job story’ is written in the form:
When [situation]
I want to [motivation]
So I can [expected outcome]
Take a Job and a Job Story, and you have a Job to Be Done. The Job stays the same, as it’s a deep undelrying need, but the story and the solution can change over time.
High-level Jobs to be Done on GOV.UK
Do a thing
Life circumstances require you to interact with government
e.g. You want to become a childminder, drive a car in the UK, become self-employed or fish in UK waters.
Trigger: change in circumstances.
Steps:
Decide where to get guidance
Discovery loop (find -> read)
Make choices
Fulfil legal obligation
Advise on a thing
Help others to understand / interact with / use government structures / policy
e.g. help mum get her pension; help a client understand their visa options
Trigger: client request
Steps:
Understand client circumstances and request
Choose the information source (Policy, Data, Regulation, Legislation)
Research loop (Find / Evaluate / Assess)
Advise (Explain, report, clarify)
Interrogate / change a thing
Examine, influence, appeal what government is doing and the decisions it has made.
e.g. Appeal my parking fine, raise public awareness about welfare reform, push government to improve policy-making or change policy.
Trigger: Emergency events / data / being told to pay a fine / refusal / minsterial announcement / news / topical events.
Steps:
Decide information source (generally data and policy papers)
Research loop (Find -> Evaluate and assess)
Decide (Support / challenge / prepare for the change)
Location: London Current Gig: Senior Product Manager, GOV.UK, Government Digital Service. Current mobile device: Samsung Galaxy S8 Current computer: At home: A self-assembled desktop from 2014, optimised for quiet acoustics and now with a 1070 graphics card, or a Asus ZenBook UX305CA laptop. At work: A 13″ Macbook Air. One word that best describes how you work: Spiritedly
First of all, tell us a little about your background and how you got to where you are today.
Disclaimer: When you’re applying for a job you spin this stuff into a coherent story. Certainly there are threads you can follow, but the first part of my career was a series of improvisations and desperate expedients. After a few years I’m now in the fortunate position of being in control of where I want to go, and doing a job I love.
When we were around 9 years old, my mum and dad were dead against me and my twin brother getting any sort of games console. We learnt our times tables and got a family computer. (I later found out that they were planning on getting a family computer anyway…) Me and my brother played lots of computer games together. Starcraft, Little Big Adventure 2, Heroes of Might and Magic, Unreal Tournament. This probably trained my brain to be methodical and be confident in understanding systems, and sold me on the merits of shared exploration and adventure as only one person could play at once.
I went out-of-town to a grammar school in leafy Bucks, and was fortunate to learn HTML. I built my first website on freewebs, about Grand Theft Auto 3. The site had neon text on a black background, character skins that I’d customised myself, car mods, a hit counter and way too many popups. I desperately wish I could share it with you but it seems to have been scrubbed from the face of the internet. Beyond computer games I didn’t really have the confidence, knowledge or interest to dive deeper into what computers could do so this thread lay slightly dormant.
Having originally assumed I’d wanted to do a PPE degree, I decided that history was more my thing. It’s varied, has lots of interesting stories, and is all about people living through whatever situation they find themselves in. I tried my hand at economic history, political history, social history and cultural history. Turns out I really enjoy cultural history and medieval history.
In hindsight this degree was exemplary training to be a Product Manager – you have to rapidly master a new topic and communicate clearly and confidently about it. It trains you to be a bit of a renaissance person, interested in diverse things and with a bit of a sense of adventure. I spent hours each day in studious solitude in various libraries, but also spent a couple of hours each day in excellent conversation with other people in my college over lunch or dinner. That ability to dive deeply into someone’s domain of expertise and get to know how it works, what they care about and what they find difficult, was drilled really well by this.
During this time I assumed that I wanted to be a museum curator. I’d done a bunch of volunteering at the London Canal Museum, working on stuff like an audio tour of the walk from Camden Lock to Islington Tunnel, and a series of audio installations in the museum. In the summer before my final year at uni, I remember a chat with the chairman who advised me that there weren’t really any jobs to be had in the sector. I also reflected on the demographics attending museums and thought that I might be able to have a wider impact doing something else. But I wasn’t sure what that was.
This was a useful if poorly-timed rethink. I left uni without a real plan. I applied for lots of things, including being a radio weather reporter. I came within a hair’s breadth of becoming a trainee television creative, coming up with gameshow concepts. (Apparently some of the concepts I pitched were a bit high-brow. An acceptable rejection.) I nearly ended up working in policy in the charity sector, which is what my twin brother does now.
I’d done a fair amount of digital communications for university societies, just as social media was taking off. A meetup with an old teacher of mine, now working in medical education, pointed me in the direction of an opportunity to use these skills on the creation of an online learning community for training doctors. It felt like a break so I packed my bags and moved to Kentfor the contract.
I didn’t know about agile, or about user needs or iterative design at this point, but I gave it my best shot and started learning more and more about how the different parts of digital fit together. I was working on all aspects of the site, alongside a developer, so built my understanding loads. My manager was excellent at helping me understand the politics as well.
From here I did digital projects and digital communications jobs for a while. I remember one early job, finding out that a ‘web editor’ role in practice needed a firm technical understanding of how website backends worked. I got in touch with my friend Andy Jones, and he talked me through everything in a call that same evening. If ever I’ve been generous with someone else in helping them understand something technical, believe me when I say I’m just paying it forward.
I moved around quickly, much of this as result of the financial crash and funding cuts causing difficulties for the charity sector. Admired GDS since 2013 and was delighted to join in 2017.
Take us through a recent workday.
A standard weekday starts with a half-hour checking up on emails and Slack before a standup with the first of my teams at 09:45. We take ten minutes or so to run through work-in-progress, coordinate activities and discuss any blockers. I repeat the process at 10:00 with my other team.
As a Product Manager my job is about making sure that we’re solving the right problems, that we’re adding as much value as possible, and aligning around the right vision. Day-to-day this means that understanding, assessing and communicating purpose is my role. So I’ll be making value judgements on how to approach certain areas of work – whether to gold-plate a feature or do something basic, for example, or which from a set of options to work on – either with my team or solo. I’ll spend most of the day going from meeting to meeting – which sounds ghastly, but actually is a series of interesting chats with intelligent and motivated people, diving deep into interesting problems. I love working with the different specialists in my teams, and it’s a real brain workout. I do sometimes regret that I don’t carve out more time for solitary intellectual activity, diving deep into a puzzly problem, but if I had to choose, I’d take the group approach every time as it feels more dangerous and collaborative.
When I’m at my desk, I’m usually doing some form of written communication with someone not in my team – a user or stakeholder in another government department. There’s an interesting tradeoff here between ruthless prioritisation of your time, and maintaining relationships and being diplomatic. As a Product Manager, lots of people want your input, or for your to do something for them. So you also spend a lot of time politely saying no to things.
We pause our working day at 3:45 for 15 minutes to have fika – a break for coffee, cake and a chat. (Sometimes just the final one). The key thing is that it’s a non-work environment, so we have an actual break and people can get to know each other.
What apps, gadgets, or tools can’t you live without?
I feel at home wherever my desktop computer is set up.
I put a lot of value on having something that can play music.
What’s your best shortcut or life hack?
Sometimes not doing a thing is the best approach.
Take us through an interesting, unusual, or finicky process you have in place at work.
I insist that every card on my team’s trello board has a ‘What’ and a ‘Why’in its description, so that anyone can understand the purpose of the work. “Can you get a What and a Why on that?” has become a sort of joke catch phrase but I’m okay with that. It makes sure that everyone in a multi-disciplinary team understands the purpose of everything that is being worked on, and it trains people in communicating beyond their own specialism.
How do you keep track of what you have to do?
Google calendar for solo tasks. Trello cards for things I’m working on with my teams.
I’ve tried the Getting Things Done framework, but when things get busy I’ve found it too brittle.
I take notes of things to do on post-its and stick them to my laptop. I triage them to something electronic within the hour.
What’s your favourite side project?
My Social Summary. I built it from the ground up (that’s why the front-end looks rubbish ;)) and I learnt loads. It’s now a paid-for product. For £3 a month you get a daily (or twice daily) summary of the best material shared by your twitter network.
I’m also proud of the technical work I did on a creative project with my ex-girlfriend. I set up most of the standard things that a competent developer would do: version control, automated testing, a decent build pipeline, programmatic creation and destruction of review applications. The product idea was a fun and interesting one, and I got to play around with a few different APIs.
What are you currently reading, or what do you recommend?
For work-type reading, I’d recommend “Turn the Ship around” by David Marquet. It’s about intent-based leadership and how you can give people space to do great things. In knowledge work you need to lead this way, not in a command-and-control fashion.
The novels that have impressed me most as an adult are probably Nabokov’s Pale File and Paul Auster’s New York Trilogy.
Who else would you like to see answer these questions?
Some of the Lead Product Managers and Heads of Product at GDS and across government.
What’s the best advice you’ve ever received?
“Time’s short, your life’s your own. And in the end we are just dust and bones.”
